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The development of the Stochastic Cognitive Model started in 2014 and has seen a lot of progress over the years. Considerable research has been carried out into driver behaviour and its modelling, which has highly contributed to its development. Furthermore, the SCM has been used in various safety assessment simulations and similar studies and projects.
AI generatedFrom its first cognitive modules in 2014 to its integration in major EU safety projects today, the SCM has been shaped by contributions from BMW researchers, academic partners and the open-source community.
Below you will find the full scientific record: publications, EU projects, conference appearances and the contributors who made it happen.
Find below a list of relevant scientific publications which deal with the modelling of certain driver behaviour aspects and the simulating of realistic traffic scenarios with the Stochastic Cognitive Model:
Fries A., Lemberg L., Fahrenkrog F., Mai M., Das A. (2023): Modeling driver behavior in critical traffic scenarios for the safety assessment of automated driving. Traffic Injury Prevention, 24:sup1, pages 105–110. ► https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2023.2211187
Fries A., Fahrenkrog F. (2023): Simulation realistischer Verkehrsszenarien mit dem Stochastic Cognitive Model. ATZ elektronik 18, pages 32–36. ► https://doi.org/10.1007/s35658-023-1489-x
Fahrenkrog F., Drees L., Raisch F. (2023): Implications of the positive risk balance on the development of automated driving. Traffic Injury Prevention, 24:sup1, pages 124–130. ► https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2023.2173521
Fries A., Fahrenkrog F., Donauer K., Mai M., Raisch F. (2022): Driver Behavior Model for the Safety Assessment of Automated Driving. IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Aachen. ► https://doi.org/10.1109/IV51971.2022.9827404
Fries A., Fahrenkrog F. (2022): Simulative Bewertung der Fahrzeugsicherheit mittels des Stochastic Cognitive Driver Model für das automatisierte Fahren. VDI Bericht Fahrzeugsicherheit 2022, pages 435–450.
Witt, M. (2021): Regressionsmodelle zur Berücksichtigung von Fahrerindividualität in der kognitiven Fahrerverhaltensmodellierung. Dissertation. ISBN: 9783736973954.
Fries A., Fahrenkrog F. (2021): Validation and Verification of the Stochastic Cognitive Driver Model. ACI Mobility Summit. Braunschweig. ► its-mobility.de (PDF)
Ring, P. (2020): Modellierung kognitiver Prozesse für ein numerisches Fahrerverhaltensmodell. Dissertation. ISBN: 9783736972384.
Fahrenkrog, F., Wang, L., Platzer, T., Fries, A., Raisch, F., Kompaß, K. (2019): Prospective Safety Effectiveness Assessment of Automated Driving Functions – from the Methods to the Results. ESV Conference 2019. Eindhoven. ► https://static.nhtsa.gov/esv/pdf/ESV/Proceedings/26/26ESV-000166.PDF
Witt M., Kompass K., Wang L., Kates R., Mai M., Prokop G. (2019): Driver profiling – Data-based identification of driver behavior dimensions and affecting driver characteristics for multi-agent traffic simulation. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Volume 64, pages 361–376. ► https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.05.007
Ring P., Hammouda M., Wang L., Mai M., Prokop G. (2018): Modelling Anticipative And Predictive Driver Behavior In The Context Of Prospective Safety Assessment. 11th Graz Symposium Virtual Vehicle. Graz.
Witt M., Wang L., Fahrenkrog F., Kompass K., Prokop G. (2018): Cognitive Driver Behavior Modeling: Influence of Personality and Driver Characteristics on Driver Behavior. Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation (AHFE 2018). Orlando. ► https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93885-1_69
Witt M., Ring P., Wang L., Kompass K., Prokop G. (2018): Modelling stochastic gaze distribution for multi-agent traffic simulation. 7. Interdisziplinärer Workshop Kognitive Systeme. Braunschweig. ► https://doi.org/10.17185/duepublico/48594
Ring P., Wang L., Fahrenkrog F., Jung O., Prokop G. (2017): Modelling Cognitive Driver Behavior In The Context Of Prospective Safety Assessment. 26. Aachener Kolloquium. Aachen.
As a highly sophisticated driver behaviour model developed specifically for the application in safety assessment simulations, the Stochastic Cognitive Model has already been used and continues to be used in various major European public research projects:
V4Safety, see here for general information: ► https://v4safetyproject.eu/
Hi-Drive, see here for general information: ► https://www.hi-drive.eu/
L3Pilot, see here for general information: ► https://l3pilot.eu/
AdaptIVe, see here for general information: ► https://www.adaptive-ip.eu/
Over the years, further results of the application of the Stochastic Cognitive Model have been presented at numerous national and international conferences.
The SCM was or will be presented at the following conferences:
IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society (ITSS), Napoli, 2026
IEEE International Automated Vehicle Validation Conference (IAVVC), Baden-Baden, 2025
International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE), Nice, 2024
TRB International Conference on Roadside Safety, Orlando, 2024
TUM & TÜV Süd Tagung Automatisiertes Fahren, München, 2023
Aachen Colloquium Sustainable Mobility, Aachen, 2023
FISITA Intelligent Safety Conference China, Chongqing, 2023
TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, 2023
TÜV Süd Tagung safe.tech, München, 2023
Auto[nom]Mobil / Safety Week, Würzburg, 2023
International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Yokohama, 2023
VDI-Kongress SIMVEC, Baden-Baden, 2022
Aachen Colloquium Sustainable Mobility, Aachen, 2022
VDI Tagung Fahrzeugsicherheit, Berlin, 2022
SAE Government/Industry Meeting, Washington, 2022
IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Aachen, 2022
ICA Summit, München, 2021
ACI Mobility Summit, Braunschweig, 2021
International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE), Orlando, 2018
IEDAS Conference, Ingolstadt, 2018
Graz Symposium, Graz, 2018
Workshop Kognitive Systeme, Braunschweig, 2018
TUM & TÜV Süd Tagung Fahrerassistenz, München, 2017
IEDAS Conference, Essen, 2017
Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology, Aachen, 2017
SCM has been developed by the contributions of the parties below.
Dresden
München
München
Otterfing